驾驶新能源汽车出行成为不少人的选择，而充换电问题备受关注。如何满足新能源汽车出得了城、下得了乡的需求？《经济参考报》记者了解到，近期各地加快推动充换电基础设施建设，企业也竞相布局，我国新能源汽车充电保障能力将进一步提升。

　　近年来，浙江省湖州市长兴县新增7座城区公共快充站及33个电动汽车离散充电站，初步完成长兴县城区电动汽车充电网络全覆盖。图为长兴县“家之窗电动汽车充电站”。 新华社记者 徐昱 摄

　　新能源汽车消费火热

　　“在北京市内通勤，新能源汽车充电方便、用车经济，是一个比较合适的选择。”李女士已安排好国庆假期看车的行程。

　　有此想法的人不在少数。近日，财政部、税务总局、工信部就关于延续新能源汽车免征车辆购置税政策发布公告说，购置日期在2023年1月1日至2023年12月31日期间内的新能源汽车，免征车辆购置税。这已经是新能源汽车免征购置税政策第三次延期，消费者购置大部分主流新能源车型可享受数千元至上万元优惠。

　　近年来，在政策、市场的共同推动下，我国新能源汽车实现快速增长。中国汽车工业协会数据显示，今年1至8月，新能源汽车产销分别完成397万辆和386万辆，同比增长1.2倍和1.1倍。预计今年全年新能源汽车销量有望超过550万辆。

　　根据国家相关规划和预测，到2025年全国新能源汽车新车保有量将超过2500万辆；到2030年将达到8000万辆。

　　加快推进充电基础设施建设，是刺激新能源汽车消费、拉动有效投资的重要举措，也是满足公众出行需求、建设人民满意交通、促进交通运输行业绿色低碳发展的需要。“我国已建成充电基础设施约400万台，形成全球最大规模的充电网络。”国家能源局规划司副司长宋雯说。

　　多地充换电基建提速

　　宋雯表示，要优化充电基础设施布局，推动新能源汽车与电力系统融合发展，鼓励开展有序充电、电动汽车向电网送电（V2G）等技术应用示范。

　　根据《加快推进公路沿线充电基础设施建设行动方案》，2022年底前，全国除高寒高海拔以外区域的高速公路服务区能够提供基本充电服务；2023年底前，具备条件的普通国省干线公路服务区（站）能够提供基本充电服务；2025年底前，高速公路和普通国省干线公路服务区（站）充电基础设施进一步加密优化，农村公路沿线有效覆盖，基本形成“固定设施为主体，移动设施为补充，重要节点全覆盖，运行维护服务好，群众出行有保障”的公路沿线充电基础设施网络，保障公众“回得了家、出得了城、下得了乡”，畅行无忧。

　　多地纷纷行动，充电站建设运维进一步提速。日前，广东省发布通知，要求新建居住社区确保固定车位100%建设充电设施或预留安装条件。加快补齐县城、乡镇充电基础设施建设短板，加快实现电动汽车充电站“县县全覆盖”、充电桩“乡乡全覆盖”。力争到2025年，国家生态文明试验区、大气污染防治重点区域的高速公路服务区快充站覆盖率不低于80%，其他地区不低于60%。

　　今年，北京市有序推进老旧小区综合整治专业管线改造任务，计划新建各类电动汽车充电桩2万个、换电站30座。

　　广东、广西、云南、贵州、海南5省份将实现A级以上旅游景区充电设施全覆盖，明年将实现乡镇充电桩全覆盖。

　　到2025年，山东省公共、专用充换电站保有量将达到8000座以上，充电基础设施达到15万台以上，个人充电基础设施达到25万台以上。

　　企业竞相布局

　　业内人士认为，随着多地逐步落实充电基础设施建设相关政策，充电桩供给将极大提升。

　　据国联证券测算，若建设端按3：1车桩比，预计到2025年，充电桩保有量将达到930万台，充电桩建设累计投资规模将达到1678亿元。运营端按0.5元/度收取服务费，预计到2025年，服务费收入规模将达到729亿元。

　　面对巨大市场，多家公司积极布局充换电业务。近日，由中国石油、中国石化、上汽集团、宁德时代和上海国际汽车城集团联合投资的上海捷能智电新能源科技有限公司正式成立，将以电池租赁为核心开展业务。

　　野村中国科技及电讯行业分析师段冰介绍，一些车企从构建闭环生态体系的角度出发，积极在做换电业务的尝试。一些电池厂商提供换电服务，希望能够兼容大多数车企。

　　传统企业则希望切入这一“赛道”实现转型升级。按照中国石油的计划，到“十四五”末期，公司将建设充换电站1000座以上，升级打造“可换电可充电”综合能源服务网络。中国石化预计，今年底公司充换电站数量将突破2000座，“十四五”期间将发展5000座充换电站。

　　业内人士在接受采访时也指出，目前充换电站等基础设施建设面临布局、效率等诸多挑战，建议因景施策、因城施策，根据具体应用场景和不同城市需求合理布局充换电设施。从商业模式来说，要有整体解决方案和产业链条。

Driving new energy vehicles has become the choice of many people, and the problem of charging and changing electricity has attracted much attention. How to meet the demand for new energy vehicles to be able to get out of the city and go to the countryside? The reporter of Economic Information Daily learned that in the near future, various regions have accelerated the construction of charging and changing infrastructure, and enterprises are also competing for layout. China's new energy vehicle charging guarantee capacity will be further improved.
In recent years, Changxing County, Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province has added 7 urban public fast charging stations and 33 electric vehicle discrete charging stations, initially completing the full coverage of the electric vehicle charging network in the urban area of Changxing County. The picture shows the "Window of Home Electric Vehicle Charging Station" in Changxing County. Photographed by Xu Yu, a reporter from Xinhua News Agency
Hot consumption of new energy vehicles
"In commuting in Beijing, new energy vehicles are convenient to charge and economical to use, which is a more appropriate choice." Ms. Li has arranged the schedule of car watching during the National Day holiday.
There are many people who have this idea. Recently, the Ministry of Finance, the State Administration of Taxation and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology announced on the continuation of the policy of exempting new energy vehicles from vehicle purchase tax that new energy vehicles purchased from January 1, 2023 to December 31, 2023 will be exempted from vehicle purchase tax. This is the third extension of the purchase tax exemption policy for new energy vehicles. Consumers who purchase most mainstream new energy vehicles can enjoy a discount of thousands to tens of thousands of yuan.
In recent years, under the joint promotion of policies and markets, China's new energy vehicles have achieved rapid growth. According to the data of China Association of Automobile Manufacturers, from January to August this year, the production and sales of new energy vehicles were 3.97 million and 3.86 million respectively, up 1.2 times and 1.1 times year on year. It is expected that the annual sales of new energy vehicles will exceed 5.5 million.
According to relevant national planning and prediction, the number of new energy vehicles in China will exceed 25 million by 2025; It will reach 80 million by 2030.
Accelerating the construction of charging infrastructure is an important measure to stimulate the consumption of new energy vehicles and stimulate effective investment. It is also a need to meet public travel needs, build people's satisfaction with transportation, and promote green and low-carbon development of the transportation industry. "China has built about 4 million charging infrastructures, forming the largest charging network in the world." Song Wen, Deputy Director of the Planning Department of the National Energy Administration, said.
Speed up of infrastructure construction for multi ground charging and replacement
Song Wen said that it is necessary to optimize the layout of charging infrastructure, promote the integrated development of new energy vehicles and power systems, and encourage orderly charging, electric vehicle power transmission to the grid (V2G) and other technology application demonstrations.
According to the Action Plan for Accelerating the Construction of Charging Infrastructure along Highways, by the end of 2022, expressway service areas in areas other than high altitude and cold regions in China can provide basic charging services; By the end of 2023, qualified national and provincial trunk highway service areas (stations) can provide basic charging services; By the end of 2025, the charging infrastructure of expressways and general national and provincial trunk highway service areas (stations) will be further intensified and optimized, rural roads will be effectively covered along the roads, and a network of charging infrastructure along the roads will be basically formed, with "fixed facilities as the main body, mobile facilities as the supplement, all important nodes covered, good operation and maintenance services, and people's travel guaranteed", so as to ensure that the public can "return home, leave the city, and go to the countryside", You can travel freely.
Many places have taken action, and the construction, operation and maintenance of charging stations have been further accelerated. Recently, Guangdong Province issued a notice requiring new residential communities to ensure that 100% of fixed parking spaces are equipped with charging facilities or installation conditions are reserved. We will speed up the improvement of charging infrastructure in counties and towns, and accelerate the realization of "full coverage of counties and counties" for electric vehicle charging stations and "full coverage of villages and towns" for charging piles. It is expected that by 2025, the coverage rate of fast charging stations in expressway service areas in national ecological civilization pilot areas and key areas for air pollution prevention will be no less than 80%, and no less than 60% in other areas.
This year, Beijing will orderly promote the reconstruction of professional pipelines for the comprehensive renovation of old residential areas. It plans to build 20000 new charging posts for various types of electric vehicles and 30 new power stations.
Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou and Hainan will achieve full coverage of charging facilities in tourist attractions above Grade A, and will achieve full coverage of charging piles in villages and towns next year.
By 2025, Shandong Province will have more than 8000 public and private charging and changing stations, more than 150000 charging infrastructures and more than 250000 personal charging infrastructures.
Competitive layout of enterprises
The insiders believe that the supply of charging piles will be greatly improved with the gradual implementation of policies related to charging infrastructure construction in many places.
According to the calculation of Guolian Securities, if the ratio of vehicles to piles at the construction end is 3:1, it is estimated that by 2025, the number of charging piles will reach 9.3 million, and the cumulative investment in the construction of charging piles will reach 167.8 billion yuan. The operating end charges a service fee of 0.5 yuan per kilowatt hour. It is estimated that by 2025, the service fee revenue will reach 72.9 billion yuan.
Faced with the huge market, many companies actively layout the charging and changing business. Recently, Shanghai Jieneng Intelligent Power New Energy Technology Co., Ltd., jointly invested by PetroChina, Sinopec, SAIC Group, Ningde Times and Shanghai International Automobile City Group, was officially established and will focus on battery leasing.
Duan Bing, an analyst in Nomura China's technology and telecommunications industry, said that some auto companies are actively trying to change power from the perspective of building a closed-loop ecosystem. Some battery manufacturers provide power replacement services, hoping to be compatible with most car enterprises.
Traditional enterprises hope to enter this "race track" to achieve transformation and upgrading. According to PetroChina's plan, by the end of the "14th Five Year Plan", the company will build more than 1000 charging and changing power stations, upgrade and build an integrated energy service network of "replaceable and rechargeable". Sinopec expects that by the end of this year, the number of its charging and changing power stations will exceed 2000, and 5000 will be developed during the "14th Five Year Plan" period.
In the interview, the insiders also pointed out that the current infrastructure construction such as the charging and changing power station is facing many challenges such as layout and efficiency. It is suggested to make policies according to the situation and the city, and reasonably arrange the charging and changing facilities according to the specific application scenarios and different city needs. In terms of business model, there should be an overall solution and an industrial chain.