综合多方信息预判，今年蔚来、上汽等车企有望批量生产半固态电池车型，广汽、长安等也计划在明后年推出半固态电池车型。孚能科技、蜂巢能源、亿纬锂能、力神电池、国轩高科、清陶能源等电池厂商都在该领域迅猛发力。

　　“半固态电池2024年即有望在新能源汽车市场量产装车，2030年可见大规模商业化的全固态动力电池。”中国银河证券在研报中分析称。

01

半固态电池装车大提速

　　半固态电池是固态电池装车的急先锋。国泰君安证券分析指出，固态电池的普及将先从半固态开始，循序渐进。后续待技术稳定，工艺确定后成本下降，半固态电池将慢慢起量，而后逐步迭代到全固态电池。

　　目前半固态电池装车进程已经步入快车道。2023年8月，上汽集团与清陶能源联合开发的第一代半固态电池装车试验，被测试车辆最大续航里程达到1083公里。上汽集团透露，2024年起半固态电池将在公司不同车型上实现量产应用。其中，智己L6将率先应用半固态电池技术。

　　蔚来半固态电池车型预计也将在2024年实现量产。2023年12月，蔚来CEO李斌亲自驾驶搭载150kWh半固态电池包的ET7进行冬季测试，车辆续航里程突破1000公里。据透露，蔚来150kWh电池包采用固液混合电解质，硅碳复合负极材料和超高镍正极材料，能量密度为360Wh/kg。

　　在商用车方面，一汽解放近期与孚能科技举行新能源专项意向合作签约仪式，双方将致力于共同推广半固态、固态电池商用车市场及产业链发展。孚能科技的半固态、固态电池性能，将高度匹配一汽解放产品路线。此前，孚能科技透露，其第一代半固态产品在2022年9月投产，第二代将在2025年投产。

　　电池中国还注意到，力神电池于今年1月完成全新一代半固态电池开发，能量密度达402Wh/kg。据介绍，该产品兼顾高能量密度和高安全性能，采用新型集成设计技术，通过调控电化学工艺制式抑制过渡金属溶出和结构错位生长，实现半固体电池的超轻量化和高安全。据悉，该产品未来将主要瞄准超长续航中高端电动汽车，以及eVTOL(电动垂直起降飞行器)等领域。

　　除了上述企业外，国轩高科早在2022年就首次公开展示了半固态电池产品，能量密度达360Wh/kg;蜂巢能源2023年年底推出了其全球首款方形半固态电池——二代果冻电池,采用了二代果冻电解质技术和一体化复合正极技术，显著提升了安全性和能量密度;亿纬锂能透露，公司的半固态电池基于50Ah的软包电池，可实现高达500Wh/kg的能量密度。

　　值得注意的是，半固态电池除了应用于车端，在储能领域也大有作为。近期，冠盛股份宣布，公司控股子公司冠盛东驰拟在温州市投资新建半固态磷酸铁锂电池建设项目，项目总投资约10.32亿元，产品为电芯及系统，达产后年产量约210万支，产品适宜于户用储能、工商业储能和风能太阳能等大型储能领域。

02

循序渐进的商业化进程

　　从技术上来讲，目前传统的液态锂电池在能量密度方面已经接近“天花板”。“固态电池以能量密度高、安全性高而著称。液态电池的理论能量密度上限在300Wh/kg左右，但仅仅是半固态电池的能量密度就能达到350Wh/kg，而全固态电池能量密度能超过500Wh/kg。”业内人士分析称。

　　固态电池未来的市场前景十分广阔。据业内机构预测，预计2024年全球固态电池(含半固态电池)市场空间为19.5亿元，2030年市场空间有望达到1162.3亿元。

　　不过，全固态电池量产装车的难度很大。中国工程院外籍院士孙学良指出，全固态电池正极、电解质、负极的化学组成和物理、化学、力学性质还需改进，材料间兼容性、界面稳定性仍需提升，电池整体的安全管理策略及工程化制备技术尚不成熟，这些都是还需突破的难关。

　　而且，目前全固态电池较液态电池成本高出许多，东吴证券分析师表示，全固态电解质目前难以轻薄化，用到的部分稀有金属原材料价格较高，叠加为高能量密度使用的高活性正负极材料尚未成熟，全固态电解质和正负极成本较高。

　　相比于全固态电池，半固态电池量产的难度大大降低。

　　“半固态对于现有液态锂离子电池体系更迭较小，半固态路线仍然会使用隔膜与液态电解液，其制备方法大部分沿用传统锂离子电池工艺与装备技术。”业内人士指出，在兼顾性能和安全性的同时，半固态电池保留一定量电解液，可以提高循环性能及倍率性能，改善固态电池导电率低的问题，成本相对于全固态电池更低。

　　从整体来讲，固态电池商业化路径是循序渐进的。中信证券判断，随着半固态电池产业化，全固态电池未来可期。材料体系方面，预计正极材料将从高镍三元过渡至富锂锰基，负极将从硅碳负极过渡至金属锂。随着产业链降本和产业化程度提升，固态电池产业各环节将充分受益。

The large-scale production and installation of solid-state batteries is far away, but the industrialization of semi-solid batteries continues to accelerate.
Based on comprehensive information, it is predicted that this year, car companies such as NIO and SAIC are expected to mass produce semi-solid battery models, while GAC and Changan also plan to launch semi-solid battery models in the next two years. Battery manufacturers such as Funeng Technology, Honeycomb Energy, Yiwei Lithium Energy, Lishen Battery, Guoxuan High tech, and Qingtao Energy are all rapidly advancing in this field.
Make efforts this year! Solid State Battery Loading "Pioneer"
"Semi solid state batteries are expected to be mass-produced and installed in the new energy vehicle market by 2024, and large-scale commercial all solid state power batteries can be seen by 2030," China Galaxy Securities analyzed in its research report.
01
Large acceleration of semi-solid state battery loading on vehicles
Semi solid state batteries are the vanguard of solid-state battery installation in vehicles. Guotai Junan Securities analysis points out that the popularization of solid-state batteries will start from semi-solid state and gradually progress. After the technology stabilizes and the process is determined, the cost will decrease. Semi solid state batteries will gradually increase in production, and then gradually iterate to all solid state batteries.
At present, the installation process of semi-solid state batteries has entered the fast lane. In August 2023, SAIC Motor Corporation and Qingtao Energy jointly developed the first generation semi-solid battery for vehicle testing, and the maximum range of the tested vehicle reached 1083 kilometers. SAIC Group revealed that from 2024, semi-solid batteries will be mass-produced and applied in different vehicle models of the company. Among them, Zhiji L6 will be the first to apply semi-solid state battery technology.
The NIO semi-solid state battery model is also expected to achieve mass production in 2024. In December 2023, NIO CEO Li Bin personally drove the ET7 equipped with a 150kWh semi-solid state battery pack for winter testing, and the vehicle's range exceeded 1000 kilometers. It is revealed that the NIO 150kWh battery pack uses a solid-liquid mixed electrolyte, silicon carbon composite negative electrode material, and ultra-high nickel positive electrode material, with an energy density of 360Wh/kg.
In terms of commercial vehicles, FAW Jiefang recently held a new energy special intention cooperation signing ceremony with Funeng Technology. The two sides will be committed to jointly promoting the development of the semi-solid and solid-state battery commercial vehicle market and industry chain. The semi-solid and solid-state battery performance of Funeng Technology will highly match the product line of FAW Jiefang. Previously, Funeng Technology revealed that its first generation of semi-solid products will be launched in September 2022, and the second generation will be launched in 2025.
Battery China also noticed that Lishen Battery completed the development of a new generation of semi-solid batteries in January this year, with an energy density of 402Wh/kg. It is reported that this product combines high energy density and high safety performance, adopts new integrated design technology, and suppresses transition metal dissolution and structural dislocation growth by regulating the electrochemical process, achieving ultra lightweight and high safety of semi-solid batteries. It is reported that the product will mainly target high-end electric vehicles with ultra long endurance in the future, as well as eVTOL (electric vertical takeoff and landing aircraft) and other fields.
In addition to the aforementioned enterprises, Guoxuan High tech has publicly displayed its semi-solid battery products for the first time as early as 2022, with an energy density of 360Wh/kg; At the end of 2023, Honeycomb Energy launched its world's first square semi-solid battery - second-generation jelly battery, which adopts second-generation jelly electrolyte technology and integrated composite positive electrode technology, significantly improving safety and energy density; Yiwei Lithium revealed that its semi-solid battery is based on a 50Ah soft pack battery, which can achieve an energy density of up to 500Wh/kg.
It is worth noting that semi-solid state batteries not only have applications in the automotive end, but also have great potential in the field of energy storage. Recently, Guansheng Group announced that its controlling subsidiary, Guansheng Dongchi, plans to invest in the construction of a new semi-solid lithium iron phosphate battery project in Wenzhou City. The total investment of the project is about 1.032 billion yuan, and the products include battery cells and systems. The annual output after production is about 2.1 million units, and the products are suitable for large-scale energy storage fields such as household energy storage, industrial and commercial energy storage, and wind and solar energy.
02
A gradual commercialization process
Technically speaking, traditional liquid lithium batteries are currently approaching the "ceiling" in terms of energy density. "Solid state batteries are known for their high energy density and high safety. The theoretical upper limit of energy density for liquid state batteries is around 300Wh/kg, but the energy density of semi-solid batteries alone can reach 350Wh/kg, while the energy density of all solid state batteries can exceed 500Wh/kg," industry insiders analyze.
The future market prospects of solid-state batteries are very broad. According to industry forecasts, it is expected that the global market space for solid-state batteries (including semi-solid batteries) will be 1.95 billion yuan in 2024, and the market space is expected to reach 116.23 billion yuan by 2030.
However, the difficulty of mass production and installation of all solid state batteries is significant. Sun Xueliang, a foreign academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, pointed out that the chemical composition and physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of the positive electrode, electrolyte, and negative electrode of all solid state batteries still need to be improved. The compatibility between materials and interface stability still need to be improved. The overall safety management strategy and engineering preparation technology of batteries are not yet mature, and these are still challenges that need to be overcome.
Moreover, at present, the cost of all solid state batteries is much higher than that of liquid state batteries. Analysts from Dongwu Securities stated that all solid electrolytes are currently difficult to thin out, and some rare metal raw materials used are expensive. The high activity positive and negative electrode materials used for high energy density are not yet mature, resulting in high costs for all solid electrolytes and positive and negative electrodes.
Compared to all solid state batteries, the difficulty of mass production of semi-solid state batteries is greatly reduced.
"The replacement of existing liquid lithium-ion battery systems in semi-solid state is relatively small, and the semi-solid route still uses separators and liquid electrolytes. Most of its preparation methods follow traditional lithium-ion battery processes and equipment technologies. Industry insiders point out that while balancing performance and safety, retaining a certain amount of electrolyte in semi-solid state batteries can improve cycle performance and rate performance, and improve the problem of low conductivity in solid-state batteries.", The cost is lower compared to all solid-state batteries.
Overall, the commercialization path of solid-state batteries is gradual. According to CITIC Securities, with the industrialization of semi-solid state batteries, the future of all solid state batteries is promising. In terms of material system, it is expected that the positive electrode material will transition from high nickel ternary to lithium rich manganese based, and the negative electrode will transition from silicon carbon negative electrode to metallic lithium. With the cost reduction of the industrial chain and the improvement of industrialization, various links in the solid-state battery industry will fully benefit.