这三年，中日格局发生了哪些变化

　　在全球动力电池份额占比日渐式微的当下，日本曾寄希望于在下一代的固态电池上打一场“翻身仗”，在固态电池上投入巨大，但如今中国正在加速迎头追赶。

　　第一财经记者从智慧芽数据获悉，截至2025年5月16日，全球固态电池领域的专利申请已超过4.6万件，其中从技术来源（专利申请企业所属国别）看，全球固态电池领域的专利申请中，近37%来自日本，近30%来自中国，两者差距进一步缩小；而从布局市场（专利申请所在国别）来看，中国已经赶超日本，是全球固态电池专利布局最多的市场，约占35%。

　　记者跟踪了从2022年9月至今的全球固态电池领域的专利申请数据，发现中国近三年在固态电池领域布局加速，中国企业在专利申请数量与日本的差距不断缩小，但是在头部公司方面，日本仍具有较明显的优势。

　　中日固态电池之争

　　作为最早布局电池的国家之一，日本早在20世纪90年代便有了松下、三洋和索尼组成的初代“三巨头”。到了21世纪初，日本企业生产的锂电池占到世界近9成的份额，几乎形成垄断。

　　转折点源自2010年后的这轮动力电池“扩产潮”。2010年前后，以丰田为首的日本汽车巨头曾坚信，氢燃料电池汽车才是未来。这一理念使日本电池产业链押宝在氢燃料电池上，而忽视了对锂离子动力电池的投入。而相反，在政策力推和庞大市场的支撑下，我国新能源汽车发展如火如荼，也带领着动力电池企业大踏步前进。

　　韩国电池和能源研究公司SNE Research数据显示，2024年全球动力电池销量前十仍被中、韩、日三个国家的企业包揽，其中中国企业有六家入围，这六家中国电池厂商在全球市场的占有率进一步上涨至67.1%；日本动力电池厂商前十名就只有松下一家入榜，市占率从2023年的6.1%下降至2024年的3.9%。

　　“日本想打一场‘翻身仗’就要去看下一代电池技术。”一家新创固态电池企业高管曾向记者表示。

　　而固态电池被业内公认为下一代电池技术，在这方面日本曾是投入最大的国家。智慧芽数据显示，截至2022年9月，全球固态电池领域的专利申请中，有近45%来自日本企业，当时中国企业的数值为21.8%，差距较为明显。

　　而此后，中国企业迎头追赶，而相应地日本企业固态电池专利申请的占比在持续下滑。截至2025年5月，全球固态电池领域的专利申请中，日本企业的占比下降至近37%，中国企业的占比上升至近30%。

　　从专利申请所在地看，截至2022年9月，日本是全球固态电池专利布局最多的国家，约占30.4%，中国约占26.2%；而这种情况在2024年就完成了攻防互换，截至2024年5月，中国是全球固态电池专利布局最多的市场，约占31.4%，日本约占27%。截至2025年5月，中日差距进一步扩大，中国固态电池专利布局约占35%，日本约占25%。

　　除了中日的固态电池之争外，还有一个值得关注的点在于，与当下动力电池中、日、韩“三国杀”市场格局不一样的是，在固态电池专利布局上，韩国已经掉队，前三变成了中、日、美。

　　美国在固态电池上的“野心”不容忽视。截至2025年5月，美国企业在全球固态电池领域的专利申请约占11%，全球固态电池专利布局中来自美国市场的占比为13%。美国这两个数字都排在中国和日本之后，在全球市场中排第三。

　　日本头部企业仍有明显优势

　　从具体动力电池企业固态电池专利申请情况来看，虽然中国企业正在快速追赶，但是目前日本头部企业仍有断层式领先优势。

　　在固态电池专利申请上，中国头部企业包括宁德时代、比亚迪、蜂巢能源、清陶能源、国轩高科等。

　　智慧芽数据显示，截至5月16日，宁德时代及其关联公司目前共有170余件固态电池领域的专利申请，其中授权发明专利40余件；比亚迪及其关联公司目前共有90余件固态电池领域的专利申请，其中授权发明专利40余件；国轩高科及其关联公司目前共有120余件固态电池领域的专利申请，其中授权发明专利20余件；蜂巢能源及其关联公司目前共有150余件固态电池领域的专利申请，其中授权发明专利60余件。

　　在固态电池布局上，日本的头部企业包括松下、日产、丰田、本田。其中，丰田是在这领域的绝对龙头企业。

　　截至5月16日，丰田及其关联公司目前共有2100余件固态电池领域的专利申请，其中授权发明专利1200余件；松下及其关联公司目前共有910余件固态电池领域的专利申请，其中授权发明专利330余件；日产及其关联公司目前共有420余件固态电池领域的专利申请，其中授权发明专利200余件；本田及其关联公司目前共有290余件固态电池领域的专利申请，其中授权发明专利110件。

　　而在全固态电池终端应用方面，中日两方也在抢跑落地时间。

　　今年2月，比亚迪锂电池有限公司CTO孙华军表示，比亚迪将在2027年左右启动全固态电池批量示范装车应用，2030年后实现大规模上车；广汽集团宣布计划2026年实现装车；长安汽车计划2025年实现全固态功能样车首发，2026年完成装车验证，2027年逐步推进量产；上汽集团总裁贾健旭透露，2027年，上汽首款全固态电池“光启电池”将落地。

　　而日系三强中，丰田计划在2025年实现全固态电池小规模量产，2030年前全固态电池要实现稳定量产；日产计划在2025年建立并运行全固态电池试点生产厂，在2028年首次应用在汽车上，逐步实现量产；去年11月，本田汽车宣布将在2025年1月启动全固态电池试生产，预计在2030年之前，本田固态电池将会量产上车。

First Financial Report:

At a time when the global share of power batteries is gradually declining, Japan once hoped to make a "comeback" in the next generation of solid-state batteries, investing heavily in solid-state batteries, but now China is accelerating to catch up.

According to data from Zhizhiya, as of May 16, 2025, there have been over 46000 patent applications in the global solid-state battery field. Among them, from the perspective of technology sources (the country of the patent applying enterprise), nearly 37% of the global solid-state battery patent applications come from Japan and nearly 30% come from China, further narrowing the gap between the two; From the perspective of market layout (country of patent application), China has surpassed Japan and is the market with the largest layout of solid-state battery patents in the world, accounting for about 35%.
Solid state battery patent 'dark battle': What changes have occurred in the Sino Japanese landscape in the past three years? Solid state battery patent 'dark battle': What changes have occurred in the Sino Japanese landscape in the past three years

The reporter tracked the global patent application data in the field of solid-state batteries from September 2022 to present, and found that China's layout in the field of solid-state batteries has accelerated in the past three years. The gap between Chinese companies and Japan in the number of patent applications continues to narrow, but Japan still has a significant advantage in terms of top companies.

The China Japan Solid State Battery Debate

As one of the earliest countries to lay out batteries, Japan had the first generation of "Big Three" consisting of Panasonic, Sanyo, and Sony as early as the 1990s. At the beginning of the 21st century, lithium batteries produced by Japanese companies accounted for nearly 90% of the world's market share, almost forming a monopoly.

The turning point originated from the wave of power battery expansion after 2010. Around 2010, Japanese automotive giants led by Toyota firmly believed that hydrogen fuel cell vehicles were the future. This concept has led the Japanese battery industry chain to bet on hydrogen fuel cells, while neglecting investment in lithium-ion power batteries. On the contrary, with the support of policy push and a huge market, the development of new energy vehicles in China is booming, leading power battery enterprises to make great strides forward.

According to data from SNE Research, a South Korean battery and energy research company, the top ten global power battery sales in 2024 will still be dominated by companies from China, South Korea, and Japan. Among them, six Chinese companies have been shortlisted, and their market share in the global market has further increased to 67.1%; Among the top ten Japanese power battery manufacturers, only Panasonic made it onto the list, with its market share dropping from 6.1% in 2023 to 3.9% in 2024.

A senior executive of a newly established solid-state battery company once told reporters, 'If Japan wants to win a' comeback ', it must look at the next generation of battery technology.'.

Solid state batteries are widely recognized as the next generation of battery technology in the industry, and Japan was once the country with the largest investment in this area. According to data from Zhizhiya, as of September 2022, nearly 45% of patent applications in the global solid-state battery field came from Japanese companies, while the value for Chinese companies was 21.8%, indicating a significant gap.

Since then, Chinese companies have caught up, while the proportion of solid-state battery patent applications by Japanese companies has continued to decline. As of May 2025, the proportion of Japanese companies in patent applications for solid-state batteries worldwide has decreased to nearly 37%, while the proportion of Chinese companies has increased to nearly 30%.

From the location of patent applications, as of September 2022, Japan has the largest patent layout for solid-state batteries in the world, accounting for about 30.4%, while China accounts for about 26.2%; And this situation completed the attack and defense exchange in 2024. As of May 2024, China is the market with the largest layout of solid-state battery patents in the world, accounting for about 31.4%, and Japan accounts for about 27%. As of May 2025, the gap between China and Japan will further widen, with China's solid-state battery patent layout accounting for about 35% and Japan accounting for about 25%.

In addition to the solid-state battery dispute between China and Japan, another point worth noting is that, unlike the current "three-way kill" market pattern of power batteries in China, Japan, and South Korea, South Korea has fallen behind in the layout of solid-state battery patents, with the top three being China, Japan, and the United States.

The ambition of the United States in solid-state batteries cannot be ignored. As of May 2025, US companies account for approximately 11% of global patent applications in the field of solid-state batteries, and 13% of global solid-state battery patent layouts come from the US market. The United States ranks third in the global market after China and Japan in both numbers.

Top Japanese companies still have clear advantages

From the perspective of patent applications for solid-state batteries by specific power battery companies, although Chinese companies are rapidly catching up, top Japanese companies still have a fragmented leading advantage.

In terms of patent applications for solid-state batteries, leading Chinese companies include CATL, BYD, Honeycomb Energy, Qingtao Energy, and Guoxuan High Tech.

According to data from Zhizhiya, as of May 16th, CATL and its affiliated companies currently have over 170 patent applications in the field of solid-state batteries, including more than 40 authorized invention patents; BYD and its affiliated companies currently have over 90 patent applications in the field of solid-state batteries, including more than 40 authorized invention patents; Guoxuan High Tech and its affiliated companies currently have over 120 patent applications in the field of solid-state batteries, including more than 20 authorized invention patents; Honeycomb Energy and its affiliated companies currently have over 150 patent applications in the field of solid-state batteries, including more than 60 authorized invention patents.

In terms of solid-state battery layout, Japan's leading companies include Panasonic, Nissan, Toyota, and Honda. Among them, Toyota is the absolute leading enterprise in this field.

As of May 16th, Toyota and its affiliated companies currently have over 2100 patent applications in the field of solid-state batteries, including more than 1200 authorized invention patents; Panasonic and its affiliated companies currently have over 910 patent applications in the field of solid-state batteries, including more than 330 authorized invention patents; Nissan and its affiliated companies currently have over 420 patent applications in the field of solid-state batteries, including more than 200 authorized invention patents; Honda and its affiliated companies currently have over 290 patent applications in the field of solid-state batteries, including 110 authorized invention patents.

In terms of all solid state battery terminal applications, China and Japan are also competing for the landing time.

In February of this year, Sun Huajun, CTO of BYD Lithium Battery Co., Ltd., stated that BYD will start mass demonstration and installation of all solid state batteries around 2027, and achieve large-scale installation after 2030; Guangzhou Automobile Group announced plans to achieve vehicle installation by 2026; Changan Automobile plans to launch all solid state functional prototype vehicles by 2025, complete vehicle validation by 2026, and gradually promote mass production by 2027; SAIC Group President Jia Jianxu revealed that in 2027, SAIC's first all solid state battery "Guangqi Battery" will be launched.

Among the top three Japanese companies, Toyota plans to achieve small-scale mass production of all solid state batteries by 2025 and stable mass production of all solid state batteries by 2030; Nissan plans to establish and operate a pilot production plant for all solid state batteries by 2025, with the first application in automobiles in 2028, gradually achieving mass production; In November last year, Honda announced that it would start trial production of all solid state batteries in January 2025, and it is expected that Honda's solid state batteries will be mass-produced before 2030.